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On Sunday September 24, 2023 from 1:30 to 3:00, 53 folks on the Fall Fungi Fieldtrip led by Marie Trest of the UW Department of Botany, and starting at Picnic Point Stone Gate. We gathered at 1:30 at the kiosk; the weather was sunny and 76. I collected a list of names. The participants included several families with young children, clusters of UW students, and retirees. Marie noted that the drought over the past couple of months meant that the variety and number of mushrooms on the forest floor might be low relative to a normal year. She explained that collecting in the Preserve is not allowed unless one has a permit, which she has. Her approach was to allow participants to search for mushrooms for 10-15 minutes, and then we would gather together and she would talk us through the samples the group had found. We did this at two different places, both within 100 yards of each other, both along the roadway leading into the Preserve from the Stone Gate. With 50-some people that meant we had 100 eyes and 500 fingers looking and probing for fungi on or in the soil, on fallen logs, and on branches & leaves in the trees & shrubs. This approach yielded an array of examples.
These included fleshy fungi (in both ascomycota and basidiomycota) and woody ‘shelf fungi’. The size or distribution of mushrooms is not a reliable indicator of how extensive the fungus mycelium spreads in the soil. By one reckoning, an Armillaria fungus growing in forest soil in Oregon is the single largest organism found so far on Earth. One way to help identify fungi is to take a spore print, but this technique requires several hours and is usually done in the lab more than in the field. Some participants found slime molds growing on dead wood; biologists consider the slime molds to be protists rather than fungi. In the woods, some fungi are saprophytes—they breakdown and rot dead wood and leaves in the forest or grasslands. Other fungi can be pathogens that attack the leaves, stems or roots of living plants. Significant examples of fungal diseases that have transformed our landscape include the Chestnut Blight, the Dutch Elm Disease (both are introduced pathogens) as well as Oak Wilt. Other pathogens cause mostly just leaf lesions without much harm, such as the Tar Spot fungus of maple. If we were collecting at night, we would likely see that some fungi are bioluminescent – the phosphorescent ones can give off light called foxfire—and others are fluorescent – if you shine UV light on these, they reflect a glow at a wavelength different from the UV light you shine on them.  Friends President Will Vuyk holding a white mushroom he found in the Preserve Forest In addition to the fungi that make fruiting bodies we call mushrooms, other fungi can produce spores (including asexual spores) directly from the hyphae or ‘threads’ of the mycelium. Mycologists can collect airborne spores using air-sampling traps (see timepoint 6:15 of this video) followed by identifying the spores using microscopes or even by molecular techniques.
Furthermore, the mushrooms include yeasts, and while yeasts don’t make hyphal threads or mushroomy fruiting bodies, on occasion you can see yeast growing extensively on the cross-section wood of freshly-cut stems or trunks of pruned branches or stumps; the yeast feast on sugars that exude from the phloem of the stubs of the lopped-off branches. Finally, one participant found what at first appeared to be long white mushroom, but proved to be the flower & curved stalk of Indian pipe, which is a parasitic, colorless plant. Report and photos by Tom Zinnen.
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 Searching for migrating birds in the Biocore Prairie The September 17, 2023, Friends of the Lakeshore Nature Preserve Fall Bird Field Trip was amazing because a rain shower the previous night had caused a group of night-migrating neotropical birds to "fall out." A "fall out" is an unusual event that is exciting for bird watchers. Hundreds of birds were migrating and suddenly they ran into rain and were forced to the ground, leaving hundreds of birds wherever they landed in the dark. The birds seen on the field trip were lucky to land at a migratory stopover in the Lakeshore Nature Preserve. Jill Feldkamp and Roma Lenehan led the group, looking up at shadowy birds in the trees near the first oak. They proceeded along the Big Oak Trail to the Second Oak and the Biocore Prairie edge and then to the Eagle Heights Gardens. Even in these open areas, warblers were everywhere - in the little oaks and other bushes, the native plants, and even in the non-native grass near the water utility. In addition to warblers, there were many flickers and other larger birds flying around  Roma Lenehan pointing out a sneaky bird hiding in the trees When not looking at birds, Ingrid Jordon-Thaden, Friends Board Host, explained about autumn seed dispersal of Great St. John’s Wort as well as about Black Knot, a disease found on fruit trees. Participants enjoyed learning about these plants when not watching birds. Several UW grad and undergrad students enjoyed the birds they saw, especially several hummingbirds feeding at cannas. They said that they liked the time outside away from their books and computers. At least 40 bird species were found. Highlights included good views of flying Redtailed Hawk, Cedar Waxwing, Northern Flicker, Rose-breasted Grosbeak and Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Eight warbler species were seen multiple times by various people including multiple Black-and-white and Palm Warblers. Many Tennessee, Nashville, and Magnolia Warblers flitted everywhere. Four Chipping Sparrows and 2 Lincoln's Sparrows were found in the Eagle Heights Gardens. A couple of very lucky people saw the Merlin, a small swift falcon, fly across the grassland, possibly looking at the many warblers.  Roma Lenehan and group members searching for migrating birds in the forest The leaders hoped that everyone enjoyed this rare phenomenon which dramatized the abundance of our migrating birds. Report by Roma Lenehan and Jill Feldkamp, photos by Ingrid Jordon-Thaden.  Leader Ben Klementz displays a vial full of pseudoscorpions! On the evening of Friday September 1st, arachnid specialist Ben Klementz led a group of 18 of us on a search for the Preserve’s many many-legged inhabitants. Ben is a PhD student in the Prashant Sharma Lab studying arachnid evolution and shared with us his deep interest in spiders, harvestmen (daddy longlegs), mites, ticks, and psuedoscorpions. What is a pseudoscorpion? To demonstrate, Ben had brought some specimens from his lab. We’d normally be able to find them out in the Preserve’s damp leaf litter, but it’s been a very dry summer. Preserved in alcohol, Ben introduced us all to the pseudoscorpion. They are pudgy little creatures with two scorpion-like pincer arms. While the pseudoscorpion does not have fangs like spiders and does not have a tail like a scorpion, it does have a venom gland located in its pincers! Fascinatingly terrifying. Though, to be fair, three of these critters could fit comfortably on your pinky nail, so they are no danger to humans. Just an important member of our native ecological community.
The first spiders we encountered were Agelenid funnel-weaver spiders in the joints of the Picnic Point entrance fence. Unlike other web-weaving spiders, funnel-weavers do not add glue to their webs. These spiders instead use their speed to dart out and grab any prey that touches their web lines. Orb weavers and sheet-web weavers, on the other hand, do use glue. Spider silk glue is a fascinating substance that acts like a non-newtonian fluid, Ben informed us. Similarly to cornstarch and water, when an insect traveling at high enough speed hits the glue, the glue acts like a solid and the insect bounces off. When an insect traveling at the right speed hits the web, the glue acts as a liquid and captures them. Different spiders use different formulations of glue that speed-select their preferred prey, while preventing fast, dangerous insects like wasps from getting stuck. Silk glue chemistry also allows for the glue to be effective in wet and humid conditions, unlike most human adhesives. The most common orb weaver we encountered was the furrow spider, named after a furrow that runs down the top of its abdomen. We even had the opportunity to watch some of these furrow spiders building their beautiful webs. Web-building spiders use their own body proportions to precisely measure out the spacing of their web strands, allowing them to make such amazingly complex-yet-standard webs in a variety of places. It turns out that the spiders that have taken up residence behind my car’s side mirrors are also furrow spiders! How they can make webs between my mirrors and doors that withstand highway speeds mystifies me. We also encountered a number of sheet-web spiders, which make more abstract net-like webs than the typical circular “orb” webs of their counterparts. Additionally, we spotted two harvestmen (or daddy longlegs) on the trip. These arachnids are not spiders, do not make webs, and only have one body segment. Ben was able to identify one as being a juvenile of an introduced European species. We found very few ground-dwelling arachnids like harvestmen, wandering spiders, and pseudoscorpions likely because of the dry conditions, though we did find one millipede!  Sheet web weaving spider of undetermined species found on swamp white oak. As the sun set and it grew darker along the paved path up towards the Biocore Prairie, the spider webs became much easier to spot in the beams of our lights. We saw tiny intricate webs between leaves and huge multi-foot webs that were strung from sturdy ground anchors. Luckily spider size does not correlate proportionally with web size! Near the end of our trip we looped back down towards the Picnic Point entrance to look at the flowers in the rain garden and along the sumac boundary of the grass lawn at the base of Picnic Point. There we encountered a number of crab spiders! Crab spiders lie in wait on flowers to ambush unsuspecting insects. Their body shape is roughly reminiscent of a crab, which gives them their name. On our way back out we had one more chance to observe the Agelenid funnel-weaver spiders in the gate fence before we dispersed.
Many thanks to our leader Ben Klementz for this wonderful trip! Report and photos by Will Vuyk.  Field trip leader Brandon Corder displays a liverwort. Photo by Will Vuyk. UW Department of Botany doctoral candidate Brandon Corder ([email protected]) attracted 26 participants for this fascinating walk. As Brandon’s research is now focused on the relationship of orchids with fungi, Masters student Nkosi Evans, who is actively studying mosses, assisted him. After introductions by Hosts Will Vuyk and Doris Dubielzig at the Picnic Point entrance kiosk, we walked to a shady, wooded spot where Brandon pointed out moss growing on the bark base of a white oak tree. After looking carefully at mosses growing on the logs lying on the ground around us, Brandon explained that mosses are primitive plants that have neither flowers nor seeds. Moss ecology causes different species to occur in layers on logs and at different heights on tree trunks. They are difficult to identify, because
Consequently, genetic analysis is now used to identify moss species. Brandon pointed out the glossy green seductive entodon (Entodon seductrix). The less shiny, filmier, Leskea grows on higher, drier parts of tree trunks.
On the ground below a maple tree in Caretaker’s Woods, Brandon showed us a large patch of Anomodon that exhibited the moss lifecycle, which has two distinct stages. The green, leafy tissue produces the gametes – the eggs and sperm. After fertilization (the union of the egg and sperm), an elongated red capsule forms that contains the spores. After the spores scatter, they create more of the green, leafy tissue. In addition to sexual reproduction, Anomodon has asexual, vegetative reproduction.  Amomodon green leafy tissue and red spore capsules. Photo by Doris Dubielzig. On Frautschi Point, Brandon introduced us to fern anatomy and three kinds of ferns. Because they have vascular systems for transferring water and nutrients, ferns are generally larger than mosses. Ferns have two essential parts: 1) the leaf = “frond” and 2) the stem = “rhizome,” which is usually underground. The Wood fern has a large leaf (“frond”) which is subdivided into leaflets (pinnae) and subunits (pinnules). On the underside of the frond are many spots or “sori” which contain the spores. Brandon showed us a large patch of Ostrich fern, which has the sori all grouped together on a special fertile frond. He also described the Interrupted fern, that has some sterile pinnae and some fertile pinnae.
Finally, Brandon showed us a sample of liverwort. This relative of mosses usually has a flat plant body (“thallus”). Liverworts have high moisture requirements, which prevented us from seeing them in their habitat. I have seen them from a canoe on the rock wall rising above Lake Mendota’s surface, west of Raymer’s Cove,.
Thank you, Brandon Corder, for your thoughtful preparations and clear explanations. Report by Doris Dubielzig, photos from Mary Prior, Doris Dubielzig, and Will Vuyk |
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P.O. Box 5534 Madison, WI 53705 UW-Madison Lakeshore Nature Preserve website Documents |
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